CCNet ESSAY, 25 September 2000
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SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL
Michael Paine explains why the International Astronomical Union should
adopt a less confusing nomenclatura which
is in line with the new discoveries about our Solar System.
Australian Planetary Science
25 September 2000
Although I am not a scientist and have not been a party to IAU
discussions I would like to propose some name changes
to improve the PR image of research into asteroids and comets. My
experience is that reporters tend to lose
interest when they hear scientists talk about 'minor' planets and
especially 'objects' - Near Earth Objects,
Potentially Hazardous Objects (this could, of course, include a kitchen
knife but the play on the word 'foe' is
useful), Kupier Belt Objects and Trans-Neptune Objects. It seems that
the term 'object' gets used when researchers
can't distinguish between asteroids and comets. Something that sounds
more exciting is needed.
I suggest the IAU takes a lesson from a very successful
businessman and promotes the idea that small is beautiful.
That certain businessman incorporated the prefix 'micro' in the company
name. My suggestion therefore, is that the
collective name for asteroids, comets and other small bodies that orbit
the sun should be 'microplanet'. Before
you start typing a hasty note to Benny [CCNet Moderator], please
consider some of my reasoning.
The term 'planet' probably has some meaning to non-scientists. Most
school children are taught (and some
actually remember) that planets orbit the Sun. Remarkably, my
enlightened Geddes and Grosset dictionary defines
'planet' as a celestial body that
orbits the sun or other star.
To scientists and engineers the term 'micro' has a strict scientific
meaning but this has become blurred in recent
years and my dictionary just defines it as a prefix meaning 'small'. So
'microplanet' means a small celestial body that
orbits a star - that seems promising. 'Celestial body' is intended to
exclude artificial objects but that might need
a specific mention.
When does a planet become a microplanet?
A review of the postings on CCNet concerning the planetary status of
Pluto (starting early 1999) gives a fascinating
insight into this highly sensitive issue.
It does not seems wise to define these objects by their composition.
Don Yeomans is reported as saying 'the
distinction between asteroids and comets is now hopelessly blurring'.
Others have pointed out that Pluto is icy
whereas the other planets are rocky or gaseous. Some postings even
suggested that the issue would have to wait
for the Pluto-Kupier Express space mission reached Pluto. Sadly the
proposed launch in 2004 has been cancelled and it
could be 20 years before Jupiter is once again available for a gravity
sling-shot.
On several occasions size has been considered as the distinguishing
feature. One CCNet report (8 Feb 1999)
indicates a suggestion by Michael A'Hearn that objects with a diameter
of at least 1000km be regarded as 'major'
planets was rejected by an IAU committee as being too arbitrary.
However, many conventions in society are
arbitrary. It turns out that 1000km might be quite a handy threshold.
Pluto is 2274km in diameter and its partner
Charon is 1172km. Ceres, the largest asteroid, is 933km across.
If a microplanet is defined as a celestial body with a diameter (better
still, semi-major axis) less than 1000km
that orbits a star then most circumstances seem to be
covered. But what about Pluto and Charon? Is Charon a moon
of Pluto? My suggestion is that the pair be regarded as a binary
planet. One possible way to distinguish between a
binary planet and a planet/moon system is the location of the
barycentre, or common centre of mass. If the barycentre
is contained within the larger object then the smaller object could be
regarded as a moon. Thus our Moon remains a
moon (barycentre below the Earth's surface) but Charon and Pluto form a
binary planet (barycentre, I understand, about
1500km above Pluto's surface).
Incidentally, under this proposal Clyde Tombaugh becomes the first
person to discover a binary planet.
There are other reasons for fixing on a simple, objective definition of
'major' planets. There may well be objects
larger than 1000km orbiting the Sun beyond Pluto and it would be nice
if astronomers knew straight away whether
their discovery would be regarded as a 'major' planet.
Is it appropriate for 'microplanet' to cover all sub-1000km objects? I
think so but if there are strong objections then
perhaps 'miniplanet' would be appropriate for objects between, say,
200km and 1000km. 'Microplanet' would then
apply to those under 200km. I hestitate at 'nanoplanet' instead of
meteoroid for those under 10 metres.
Some advantages of the name microplanet:
* The intended meaning should be evident to non-scientists
* It sounds more exciting and is more concise than than minor
planet, planetesimal, planetoid, interplanetary
small body, small body of the solar system, minor
demizens of the solar system...
* The Minor Planet Centre could become the Microplanet Centre and
its initials could remain MPC.
* Near Earth Objects would become Near Earth Microplanets or
NEMPs - which, appropriately, sounds a little like an impish
character from a Tolkien novel.
Some possible problems are:
* Uncertainty about the actual size of small, distant objects.
Apparently the sizes of Pluto and Charon were determined during a
fortunate alignment with the Earth that produced eclipses.
* Dealing with unusual objects such as comets captured by Jupiter
('captured microplanets'?) or interstellar
visitors.
* A US software company already has the name Microplanet Inc but
maybe they would welcome the term becoming
(hopefully) a household name.
Updates
Jan 2013. I have just been re-reading the 1985 book Comet by
Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan. They use the term "microplanets" several
times in the book but are referring to the grains that cause meteors in
our skies. They also use the term "planetoid" in Broca's Brain (includes a great history of space exploration).
Nov 2015 Discovery News: Pluto Flunked the Planet Test, Again.
Dec 2017: The December issue of Scientific American ($) has a brilliant feature by Alan Stern: Pluto's Secrets Revealed - this lends support to my suggestion that the Pluto-Charon system be regarded as a binary planet.
May 2018: Science Alert: These NASA Scientists Think Pluto IS a Planet, And Here's Why + Forbes: You Won't Like The Consequences Of Making Pluto A Planet Again - Also Alan Stern advises me that the binary planet nomenclature has been used for Pluto-Charon since the late 1980s
Aug 2018: Space.com: Planet Nine: 'Insensitive' Term Riles Scientists
- "...we the undersigned believe the use of the term 'Planet 9' for
objects beyond Pluto is insensitive to Professor Tombaugh's
legacy....call it Planet X"
October 2019 New Scientist: The solar system has too many moons – it's time for a cull